Osteoporosis & Osteopenia

Osteoporosis is commonly seen in postmenopausal women and the elderly but can also result from secondary causes such as glucocorticoid use, endocrine disorders, or chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnosis is typically made using bone mineral density (BMD) testing via DEXA scan (T-score ≤ -2.5). Management includes lifestyle interventions (e.g., weight-bearing exercise, calcium/vitamin D intake), antiresorptive agents (bisphosphonates, denosumab), and anabolic therapies (teriparatide, abaloparatide) in high-risk cases. Fall risk assessment and fracture prevention strategies are key components of care.