Proximal Humerus

These fractures represent approximately 5% of all fractures and are the third most common in elderly patients. The Neer classification is commonly used, based on the number of displaced parts (>1 cm or >45° angulation). Non-displaced fractures are treated conservatively with early mobilisation. Surgical options for displaced fractures include ORIF with locking plates, intramedullary nails, and shoulder arthroplasty (hemiarthroplasty or reverse TSA) in cases of complex multi-part fractures or poor bone quality. Key complications include avascular necrosis, stiffness, malunion, and rotator cuff dysfunction.